Category: Uncategorized
-
19th Century Cattle Poisonings in India
19th century India cattle poisonings, cases of deliberate human poisoning Use of arsenic in Colonial India paralleled events in England during the “Arsenic Century” Social Factors According to social histories (Foreign trade and the artisans in colonial India: A study of leather Tirthankar Roy, The Indian Economic and Social History Review 1994), cattle poisoning arose…
-
Mode of action as a concept
Early History of Pesticide Use – compounds used as medication and/or as pesticides 1,200 BCE -Botanical insecticides were being used for seed treatments and as fungicides in China. The Chinese were also using mercury and arsenical compounds to control body lice (Cornell) 1,000 B.C.E – Homer refers to the use of sulfur in fumigation and…
-
Arsenicals
Origins and Timeline The name Arsenic (Latin arsenicum) comes from the Greek word arsenicon, originally based on a from the Persian word “az-zarmkh” for the yellow form of orpiment (Chemistry of the Elements, Chapter 13). Cullen (2008, p2) reports that smelting of arsenic minerals to make bronze smoke dates back to 3000 BCE in Crete…
-
Disruptors of energy metabolism
Disruptors of insect energy metabolism – schematic 2015 biochem reference Chapter-13—Electron-Transport-Chain–OxPhos.pdf; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotenone Many current insecticides target insect energy metabolism, principally by interfering with the action of mitochondrial enzymes and the synthesis of ATP. The newer agents generally have very selective effects on target enzymes, but a few very reactive older agents have many secondary effects. …
-
Octopamine analogues
IRC 19 Octopamine receptor /agonists – 1974 – Chlordimeform; 2016 -Amitaz Octopamine receptor agonists (IRC 19): Octopamine functions as an adrenergic transmitter in insects and other invertebrates but also has stimulant properties in mammals. In 1974, the octopamine receptor agonist chlordimeform (chemcodes 300, 301) had 316,157.2 lbs of reported use (0.55% of total). Applications on…
-
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Cholinesterase inhibitors As discussed in the history of pesticide use, the development of ChE inhibitors depended upon research into highly toxic compounds possibly of use as nerve weapons during WW II. s
-
Elemental sulfur
.2.3 Elemental sulfur Despite its long use history (Appendix I), there remains some ambiguity about sulfur’s MOA, as both an insecticide and fungicide. 2.2.3.1 History McCallan (Botanical Review 1949) described inorganic transformation products with possible roles in its biological effects – including oxides, pentathionic acid, and hydrogen sulfide. (He also noted the fungicidal effects of several…
-
Fumigants
Halide fumigants Alkyl halogen fumigants ( ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane (DBCP), methyl bromide, dichloropropene, and chloropicrin) typify compounds with multi-site activity), each a reactive electrophile acting on multiple biochemical sites and on multiple organisms (insects, weed plants, and fungi). 2.3.3.1 -History Roberts and Hutson (1999) described the mode of activity of halogenated hydrocarbaons as producing CNS…
-
Arsenic in ground water and soil
2.3.1.1 Arsenic compounds As shown in the history of pesticide use timeline (Word press – https://wordpress.com/post/chemonitoring.tools/166), arsenic insecticides had widespread use after agricultural agents reported success in controlling the Colorado potato beetle outbreak in 1867. In 1950 a published study documented the persistent use of the arsenic insecticides – – Calcium arsenate (38,842 lb) and…
-
California and US EPA Regulations affecting pesticide use
Regulatory changes affecting pesticide registration during the 1980’s and 1990’s included Federal Good Laboratory Practices rules and the California Senate Bill 950. Both resulted from a scandal involving fraudulent animal toxicology studies submitted in support of pesticide product registrations by the Industrial Bio-Test Laboratory in Northbrook, Illinois (NRDC 1983, NYT 1983, Qual Assourance, 2003). This…
Cholinesterase Monitoring Tools 